Multiple choice Set 2 Part I: DUE MONDAY: Finish in under 112 min
Questions 1-5 are based on the following: To study the relationship between party affiliation and support for a balanced budget amendment, 500 registered voters were surveyed with the following results:
|
|
For |
Against |
No Opinion |
|
Democrat |
50 |
150 |
50 |
|
Republican |
125 |
50 |
25 |
|
Independent |
15 |
10 |
25 |
1. What percentage of those surveyed were Democrats?
A. 10% B. 20% C. 30% D. 40% E. 50%
2. What percentage of those surveyed were for the amendment and were Republicans?
A. 25% B. 38% C. 40% D. 62.5% E. 65.8%
3. What percentage of independents had no opinion?
A. 5% B. 10% C. 20% D. 25% E. 50%
4. What percentage pf those against the amendment were Democrats?
A. 30% B. 42% C. 50% D. 60% E. 71.4%
5. Voters of which affiliation were most likely to have no opinion about the amendment?
A. Democrat B. Republican C. Independent
D. Republican and Independent equally E. All three parties equally
Questions 6-10 are based on the following: A study of music preferences in three geographic locations resulted in the following segmented bar chart ABOVE:
6. What percentage of those surveyed from the Northeast prefer country music?
A. 20% B. 30% C. 40% D. 50% E. 70%
7. Which of the following is the greatest?
A. Percentage of those from the Northeast who prefer classical
B. Percentage of those from the West who prefer country
C. Percentage of those from the South who prefer pop/rock.
D. The above are all equal
E. It is impossible to determine the answer without knowing the actual numbers of people involved.
8. Which of the following is the greatest?
A. The number of people in the Northeast who prefer pop/rock.
B. The number of people in the West who prefer classical
C. The number of people in the South who prefer country.
D. The above are all equal
E. It is impossible to determine the answer without knowing the actual numbers of people involved.
9. All three bars have a height of 100%
A. This is a coincidence.
B. This happened because each bar shows a complete distribution.
C. This happened because there are three bars each divided into three segments.
D. This happened because of the nature of musical patterns.
E. None of the above is true.
10. Based on the segments bar chart, does there seem to be a relationship between geographic location and music preference?
A. Yes, because the corresponding segments of the three bars have different lengths.
B. Yes, because the heights of the three bars are identical.
C. Yes, because there are three segments and three bars.
D. No, because the heights of the three bars are identical.
E. No, because summing the corresponding segments for classical, and then repeating the process for country, and then repeating the process for pop/rock all give approximately the same total.
11. In the following table, which value for n results in a table showing perfect independence?
|
20 |
50 |
|
30 |
N |
A. 10 B. 40 C. 60 D. 75 E. 100
12. A company employs both men and women in its secretarial and executive positions. In reports filed with the government, the company shows that the percentage of female employees who receive raises is higher than the percentage of male employees who receive raises. A government investigator claims that the percentage of male secretaries who receive raises is higher than the percentage of female secretaries who do and that the percentage of male executives who receive raises is higher than the percentage of female executives who do. Is this possible?
A. No, either the company is wrong of the investigator is wrong.
B. No, if the company report is correct, then either a greater percentage of females secretaries than male secretaries receive raises or a greater percentage of female executives than male executives receive raises.
C. No, if the investigator is correct, then by summation of the corresponding numbers, the total percentage of male employees who receive raises would have to be greater than the total percentage of female employees who receive raises.
D. All of the above are true.
E. It is possible for the company report to be true AND for the investigator¹s claim to be correct.
BATCH 2
1. When travelers change airlines during connecting flights, each airline receives a portion of the fare. Several years ago, the major airlines used a sample trial period to determine what percentage of certain fares each should collect. Using these statistical results to determine fare splits, the airlines now claim huge savings over clerical costs. Which of the following is true?
I. The airlines ran an experiment using a trial period for the control group.
II. The airlines ran an observational study using the calculations from a trial period as the sample.
II. The airlines feel that any monetary error in fare splitting resulting from using a statistical sample is smaller than the previous clerical costs necessary to calculate exact fare splits.
A. I only B. II only C. III only D. I and III E. II and III
2. Which of the following are true statements?
I. In an experiment some treatment is intentionally forced on one group to note the response.
II. In an observational study, information is gathered on an already existing situation.
III. Sample surveys are observational studies, not experiments.
A. I and II B. I and III C. II and III D. I, II, and III
E. None of the above gives a complete set of true responses
3. Which of the following are true statements?
I. In an experiment, researchers decide how people are placed in different groups
II. In an observational study, the people themselves select which group they are in.
III. A control group is more often a self-selected grouping in an experiment.
A. I and II B. I and III C. II and III D. I, II, and III
E. None of the above gives a complete set of true responses
4. In one study on the effect of niacin on cholesterol level, 100 subject who acknowledged being long-time niacin takers had their cholesterol levels compared with those of 100 people who had never taken niacin. In a second study, 50 subjects were randomly chosen to receive niacin and 50 were chosen to receive a placebo.
A. The first study was a controlled experiment while the second was an observational study.
B. The first study was an observational study while the second was a controlled experiment.
C. Both studies were controlled experiments.
D. Both studies were observational studies.
E. Each study was both a controlled experiment and an observational study.
5. In one study, subjects were randomly given either 500 or 1000 mg of vitamin C daily and the number of colds they came down with during a winter season was noted. In a second study, people responded to a questionnaire about the average number of hours they sleep per night and the number of colds they came down with during a recent winter season.
A. The first study was an experiment without a control group, the second was an observational study.
B. The first study was an observational study, while the second was a controlled experiment.
C. Both studies were controlled experiments.
D. Both studies were observational studies.
E. None of the above is a correct statement.
6. In a 1992 London study, 12 out of 20 migraine sufferers were given chocolate whose flavor was masked by peppermint, while the remaining 8 sufferers received a similar-looking, similar-tasting tablet that had no chocolate. Within 1 day, five of those receiving chocolate complained of migraines while no complaints were made by any of those who did not receive chocolate. Which of the following is a true statement?
A. This study was an observational study of 20 migraine sufferers in which it was noted how many came down with migraines after eating chocolate.
B. This study was a sample survey in which 12 out of 20 migraine sufferers were picked to receive peppermint flavored chocolate.
C. A census of 20 migraine sufferers was taken, noting how many were given chocolate and how many developed migraines.
D. A study was performed using chocolate as a placebo to study one cause of migraines.
E. An experiment was performed comparing a treatment group that was given chocolate to a control group that was not.
7. Suppose you wish to compare the average class size of math classes to the average size of English classes in your high school. Which is the most appropriate technique for gathering the needed data.
A. Census B. Sample Survey C. Experiment D. Observational Study
E. None of the above methods is appropriate.
8. Which of the following are true statements?
I. Based on careful use of control groups, experiments can often indicate cause-and-effect relationships
II. While observational studies may suggest relationships, great care must be taken in concluding that there is cause and effect because of the lack of control over lurking variables
III. A complete census is the only way to establish a cause and effect relationship absolutely.
A. I and II B. I and III C. II and III D. I, II, and III
E. None of the above gives a complete set of true responses
9. Two studies are run to compare the experiences of families living in high-rise public housing to those of families living in townhouse subsidized rentals. The first study interviews 25 families who have been in each government program for at least 1 year, while the second randomly assigns 25 families to each program and interviews them after 1 year. Which of the following is a true statement?
A. Both studies are observational studies because of the time period involved.
B. Both studies are observational studies because there are no control groups.
C. The first study is an observational study while the second is an experiment.
D. The first study is an experiment while the second is an observational study.
E. Both studies are experiments.
10. Two studies are run to determine the effect of low levels of wine consumption on cholesterol level. The first study measures the cholesterol levels of 100 volunteers who have not consumed alcohol in the past year and compares these values with their cholesterol levels after 1 year, during which time each volunteer drinks one glass of wine daily. The second study measures the cholesterol levels of 100 volunteers who have not consumed alcohol in the past year, randomly picks half the group to drink one glass of wine daily for a year while the others drink no alcohol for the year and finally measures their levels again. Which of the following is a true statement?
A. The first study is an observational study while the second is an experiment.
B. The first study is an experiment while the second is an observational study.
C. Both studies are observational studies but only one uses both randomization and a control group.
D. The first study is a census of 100 volunteers while the second study is an experiment.
E. Both studies are experiments.
BATCH 3
1. Ann Landers, who writes a daily advice column appearing in newspapers across the country, once asked her readers, ³If you had to do it all over again, would you have children?² Of the more than 10,000 readers who responded, 70% said no. What does this show?
A. The survey is meaningless because of voluntary response bias.
B. No meaningful conclusion is possible without knowing something more about the characteristics of her readers.
C. The survey would have been more meaningful if she had picked a random sample of the 10,000 readers who responded.
D. The survey would have been more meaningful if she had used a control group.
E. This was a legitimate sample, randomly drawn from her readers and of sufficient size to allow the conclusion that most of her readers who are parents would have second thoughts about having children.
2. Which of the following are true statements?
I. If bias is present in a sampling procedure, it can be overcome by dramatically increasing the sample size.
II. There is no such thing as a ³bad sample.²
III. Sampling techniques that use probability techniques effectively eliminate bias.
A. I only B. II only C. III only D. None of the above statements are true
E. None of the above gives a complete set of true responses.
3. Two possible wordings for a questionnaire on gun control are as follows:
I. The United States has the highest rate of murder by handguns among all countries. Most of these murders are known to be crimes of passion or crimes provoked by anger between acquaintances. Are you in favor of a 7 day cooling off period between the filing of an application to purchase a handgun and the resulting sale?
II. The United States has one of the highest violent crime rates among all countries. Many people want to keep handguns in their homes for self-protection. Fortunately, US citizens are guaranteed the right to bear arms by the Constitution. Are you in favor of a 7 day waiting period between the filing of an application to purchase a needed handgun and the resulting sale?
One of these statements showed that 25% of the population favored a 7-day waiting period between application for purchase of a handgun and the resulting sale, while the other question showed that 70% of the population favored the waiting period. Which survey produced which result and why?
A. The first question probably showed 70% and the second question 25% because of the lack of randomization in the choice of pro-gun and anti-gun subjects as evidenced by the wording of the questions.
B. The first question probably showed 25% and the second question 70% because of a placebo effect due to the wording of the questions.
C. The first question probably showed 70% and the second question 25% because of the lack of a control group.
D. The first question probably showed 25% and the second question 70% because of response bias due to the wording of the questions.
D. The first question probably showed 70% and the second question 25% because of response bias due to the wording of the questions.
4. Which of the following are true statements.
I. Voluntary response samples often underrepresent people with strong opinions.
II. Convenience samples often lead to undercoverage bias
III. Questionnaires with neutral wording are likely to have response bias.
A. I and II B. I and III C. II and III D. I, II, and III
E. None of the above gives a complete set of true responses
5. Each of the 29 NBA teams has 12 players. A sample of 58 players is to be chosen as follows. Each team will be asked to place 12 cards with their players¹ names into a hat and randomly draw out two names. The two names from each team will be combined to make up the sample. Will this method result in a simple random sample of the 348 basketball players.
A. Yes, because each player has the same chance of being selected.
B. Yes, because each team is equally represented.
C. Yes, because this is an example
of stratified sampling, which is a special case of random sampling.
D. No, because the teams are not chosen randomly.
E. No, because not each group of 58 players has the same change of being selected.
6. To survey the opinions of bleacher fans at Wrigley Field, a surveyor plans to select every one hundreth fan entering the bleachers one afternoon. Will this result in a simple random sample of Cub fans who sit in the bleachers?
A. Yes, because each bleacher fan has the same change of being selected.
B. Yes, but only if there is a single entrance to the bleachers.
C. Yes, because the 99 out of 100 bleacher fans not selected will form a control group.
D. Yes, because this is an example of systematic sampling, which is a special case of simple random sampling.
E. No, because not every sampling of the intended size has an equal chance of being selected.
7. Which of the following are true statements about sampling error?
I. Sampling error can be eliminated only if a survey is both extremely well designed and extremely well conducted.
II. Sampling error concerns natural variation between samples. It is always present and can be described using probability.
III. Sampling error is generally smaller when the sample size is larger.
A.. I and II B. I and III C. II and III D. I, II, and III
E. None of the above gives the complete set of true responses.
8. What fault do all these sampling designs have in common?
I. The Wall Street Journal plans to make a prediction for a presidential election based on a survey of its readers.
II. A radio talk show asks people to phone in their views on whether the United States should pay off its huge debt to the United Nations.
III. A police detective, interested in determining the extent of drug use by teenagers, randomly picks a sample of high school students and interviews each one about any illegal drug use by the student during the past year.
A. All the designs make improper use of stratification.
B. All the designs have errors that can lead to strong bias.
C. All the designs confuse association with cause and effect.
D. None of the designs satisfactorily controls for sampling error.
E. None of the designs makes use of chance in selecting a sample.
9. A state auditor is given an assignment to choose and audit 26 companies. She lists all companies whose name begins with A, assigns each a number, and uses a random number table to pick one of these numbers and thus one company. She proceeds to use the same procedure for each letter of the alphabet and and then combine the 26 results into a group for auditing. Which of the following are true statements?
I. Her procedure makes use of chance.
II. Her procedure results in a sample random sample.
III. Each company has an equal chance of being audited.
A. I and II B. I and III C. II and III D. I, II, and III
E. None of the above gives the complete set of true responses.
10. A researcher planning a survey of heads of households in a particular state has census lists for each of the 23 counties in that state. The procedure will be to obtain a random sample of heads of households from each of the counties rather than grouping all the census lists together and obtaining a sample from the entire group. Which of the following is a true statement about the resulting stratified sample?
I. It is not a simple random sample.
II. It is easier and less costly to obtain than a simple random sample.
III. It gives comparative information that a simple random sample wouldn¹t give.
A. I only B. I and II C. I AND III D. I, II, and III
E. None of the above gives a complete set of true responses.
11. To find the average occupancy size of student-rented apartments, a researcher picks a simple random sample of 100 such apartments. Even after one follow-up visit, the interviewer is unable to make contact with anyone in 27 of these apartments. Concerned about the nonresponse bias, the researcher chooses another simple random sample and instructs the interviewer to continue this procedure until contact is made with someone in a total of 100 apartments. The average occupancy size in the final 100 apartment sample is 2.78. Is this estimate probably too low or too high?
A. Too low, because of undercoverage bias.
B. Too low, because convenience samples overestimate average results
C. Too high, because of undercoverage bias.
D. Too high, because convenience samples overestimate average results.
E. Too high, because voluntary response samples overestimate average results.
12. To conduct a survey of long distance calling patterns, a researcher opens a telephone book to a random page, closes his eyes, puts his finger down on the page, and then reads off the next 50 names. Which of the following are true statements?
I. The survey design incorporates chance.
II. The procedure results in a simple random sample.
III. The procedure could easily result in selection bias.
A. I and II B. I and III C. II and III D. I, II, and III
E. None of the above gives a complete set of true responses.
13. Which of the following are true statements about sampling?
I. Careful analysis of a given sample will indicate whether or not it is random.
II. Sampling error implies an error, possibly very small but still an error, on the part of the surveyor.
III. Data obtained while conducting a census are always more accurate than data obtained from a sample, no matter how careful the design of the sample.
14. Consider the three events:
I. Although 18% of the student body are minorities, in a random sample of 20 students, 5 are minorities.
II. In a survey about sexual habits, an embarrassed student deliberately gives the wrong answers.
III. A surveyor mistakenly records answers to one question in the wrong space.
Which of the following correctly characterizes the above?
A. I, sampling error; II, response bias; III, human mistake
B. I, sampling error; II, nonresponse bias; III, hidden error
C. I, hidden bias; II, voluntary sample bias; III, sampling error
D. I, undercoverage error; II, voluntary error; III, unintentional error
E. I, small
sample error; II, deliberate error; III, mistaken error
15. A researcher plans a study to examine the depth of belief in a higher power among the adult population. He obtains a simple random sample of 100 adults as they leave church one Sunday morning. All but one of them agree to participate in the survey. Which of the following are true statements?
I. Proper use of chance as evidenced by the simple random sample makes this a well-designed survey.
II. The high response rate makes this a well-designed survey.
III. Selection bias makes this a poorly designed survey.
A. I only B. II only C. III only D. I and II
E. None of these statements are true.